{"id":257,"date":"2014-07-09T23:26:11","date_gmt":"2014-07-09T20:26:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.olive.info.tr\/?p=257"},"modified":"2014-07-09T23:26:11","modified_gmt":"2014-07-09T20:26:11","slug":"zeytincilik-tarihi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.olive.info.tr\/?p=257","title":{"rendered":"Zeytincilik Tarihi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Zeytinya\u011f\u0131 \u00fcretimine ili\u015fkin en belirgin bulgular Akdeniz\u2019in ortas\u0131ndaki Girit Medeniyeti\u2019ne ve M.\u00d6. 4500 y\u0131llara kadar uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

Zeytin a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan zeytinya\u011f\u0131 ise insano\u011flu taraf\u0131ndan\u00a0\u201cS\u0131v\u0131 Alt\u0131n\u201d<\/em>\u00a0olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ilk ba\u015fta sadece yak\u0131t olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131rken, daha sonra insan beslenmesindeki ba\u015ftac\u0131 yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tarihi geli\u015fimi i\u00e7inde bir \u00e7ok efsaneye kaynak olan zeytin, eski uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 ve kutsal kitaplarda da yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tufan’dan sonra Nuh’un gemisine beyaz bir g\u00fcvercinin, canl\u0131l\u0131k belirtisi olarak, a\u011fz\u0131nda zeytin dal\u0131 ile d\u00f6nmesi nedeniyle, zeytin y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n simgesi kabul edilir.<\/p>\n

Zeytinin a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6keni konusunda iki farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f vard\u0131r: Birincisi Ege, Anadolu’nun Akdeniz kesimleri, Suriye ve L\u00fcbnan’da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131, di\u011feri ise k\u00f6keninin M\u0131s\u0131r, Kuzey Afrika’n\u0131n Atlas Da\u011flar\u0131 kesimleri oldu\u011fudur.<\/p>\n

Oleacea familyas\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00fcyesi olan zeytinin\u00a0(Olea Europaea L.)<\/em>\u00a0anavatan\u0131, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ni de i\u00e7ine alan Yukar\u0131 Mezopotamya ve G\u00fcney \u00d6n Asya\u2019d\u0131r. Yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 iki yoldan olmu\u015ftur. Birincisi Kuzey Afrikada M\u0131s\u0131r \u00fczerinden Tunus ve Fas\u2019a, di\u011feri ise Anadolu boyunca Ege adalar\u0131, Yunanistan, \u0130talya ve \u0130spanya\u2019yad\u0131r. \u0130lk k\u00fclt\u00fcre al\u0131n\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve \u0131slah\u0131 Samiler taraf\u0131ndan olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Zeytin a\u011fac\u0131 yava\u015f ve g\u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine kar\u015f\u0131n olduk\u00e7a uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bir zeytin a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n ortalama \u00f6mr\u00fc 300-400 y\u0131ld\u0131r, ancak 3 bin ya\u015f\u0131nda zeytin a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131na da rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in zeytin a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 mitoloji ve botanikte\u00a0\u201c\u00d6l\u00fcms\u00fcz A\u011fa\u00e7\u201d <\/em>t\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130zmir’in Urla ve \u00c7e\u015fme’ il\u00e7esinde yap\u0131lan arkeolojik kaz\u0131larda bulunan e\u015fya ve kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n zeytin ve zeytin \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve tarihinin milattan \u00f6nce 3. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Kaz\u0131lardan \u00e7\u0131kan bir ba\u015fka sonu\u00e7, zeytin end\u00fcstrisinin en az be\u015f bin y\u0131ll\u0131k oldu\u011fudur. Helenistik devirde zeytin a\u011fac\u0131 kutsal say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131 ve zeytinya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n gen\u00e7lik iksiri ve g\u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu inanc\u0131 her zaman \u00e7ok yayg\u0131nd\u0131. Eski M\u0131s\u0131r, Yunan ve Roma’ da \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7i\u00e7ek ve otlar (rezene, susam, kereviz, tere, nane, ada\u00e7ay\u0131, g\u00fcl, ve ard\u0131\u00e7) ile zeytinya\u011f\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak \u00e7e\u015fitli ila\u00e7 ve kozmetikler elde ediliyordu.<\/p>\n

\u0130zmir Urla’da bulunan, zeytin saklama ve ta\u015f\u0131ma amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lan amfora ve kablar\u0131n Karadeniz’deki kolonilerde ve ba\u015fka bir tak\u0131m yerle\u015fim yerlerinde de rastlanmas\u0131 zeytinin ayn\u0131 zamanda bir ticaret \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Zeytincilik zamanla yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; Amerika, Avustralya, G\u00fcney Afrika ve \u00c7in gibi iklimin ve topra\u011f\u0131n uygun oldu\u011fu her yerde, zeytin \u00fcretimine ve i\u015flenmesine ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Zeytincilik, Cumhuriyet sonras\u0131 \u00fclkemiz tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli dallar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftur. 1929 y\u0131l\u0131nda Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn Yalova b\u00f6lgesine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir gezi s\u0131ras\u0131nda zeytincili\u011fe gereken \u00f6nemin verilmesine y\u00f6nelik direktifleri do\u011frultusunda, \u00fclkemizde bir zeytincilik seferberli\u011fi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sayede zeytincilik konusunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapmak \u00fczere, 1937 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bornova Zeytincilik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc kurulmu\u015ftur. Bu sayede \u00fclkemiz yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda e\u011fitim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f uzmanlara, yeni, bak\u0131ml\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve verimli bah\u00e7eler ile sofral\u0131k zeytin ve zeytinya\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleme tesislerine sahip olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Zeytincili\u011fe verilen bu \u00f6nem, 1950\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibaren gittik\u00e7e azalm\u0131\u015f ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde oldu\u011fu gibi a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n s\u00f6k\u00fclmesine kadar devam etmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle 1980\u2019li y\u0131llarda, geleneksel zeytin yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finin ekonomik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131na varan \u0130talya ve \u0130spanya gibi \u00fclkelerde modern zeytincili\u011fe y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Derinlere uzayan k\u00f6kleri sayesinde kalkerli, \u00e7ak\u0131ll\u0131, ta\u015fl\u0131 ve kurak topraklarda yeti\u015ftirilmeye elveri\u015fli olan zeytin a\u011fac\u0131 i\u00e7in en verimli ortam yazlar\u0131 s\u0131cak, k\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ise \u0131l\u0131man ge\u00e7en iklimlerdir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc zeytin a\u011fac\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00fcne\u015fi ve 15\u00b0 C \u00fcst\u00fcndeki s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sever. Y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama 220 mm ya\u011f\u0131\u015f zeytin a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n verimli bir \u015fekilde b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi i\u00e7in yeterlidir. Zeytin a\u011fac\u0131 genellikle rak\u0131m\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck co\u011frafyalarda yeti\u015fir. Ancak denizden 1000 metre y\u00fckseklikte de zeytin tar\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131labilmektedir. \u00c7al\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcndeki zeytin a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n yapraklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst y\u00fcz\u00fc koyu, alt y\u00fcz\u00fc ise g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f rengindedir. Yapraklar m\u00fckemmel bir d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde dal\u0131n iki taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak \u00e7\u0131kar. Ortalama 40-50 cm. geni\u015fli\u011findeki g\u00f6vde \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmeye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok dayanakl\u0131d\u0131r. A\u011fa\u00e7 ya\u015flan\u0131nca yamrulardan geli\u015fen yeni u\u00e7lar g\u00f6vdeyi tazeler. Ortalama boyu 4-10 m olan zeytin a\u011fac\u0131 bir y\u0131l bol, bir y\u0131l az \u00fcr\u00fcn verir. \u00c7i\u00e7ek verme mevsimi kuzey yar\u0131m k\u00fcrede Nisan – Haziran aylar\u0131 aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Ye\u015fil zeytinler A\u011fustos ay\u0131 sonundan Kas\u0131m ay\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na kadar olan s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde olgunla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Zeytin hasat\u0131nda toplama \u015fekilleri binlerce y\u0131ldan bu yana neredeyse hi\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmemi\u015f, as\u0131rlar boyunca elle toplama ya da silkme y\u00f6ntemi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir de, yere d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f zeytin meyvelerini toplama y\u00f6ntemi vard\u0131r. Hasat, Kas\u0131m ile Mart aylar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak genel y\u00f6ntem silkmedir. Elle toplamada, sa\u011fma veya taraklama y\u00f6ntemi, yerden toplamada ise merdane veya f\u0131r\u00e7a kullan\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde zeytin hasad\u0131nda makineden de (sarsma ve yerdeki meyveleri emici ekipmanlarla toplama) yararlan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Uygulamada en fazla emek gerektiren y\u00f6ntem, elle toplamad\u0131r. Saatte en fazla 9-10 kilogram zeytinin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu y\u00f6ntem, meyve sa\u011flam ise en iyi kalitede zeytinya\u011f\u0131 \u00fcretilmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

\u0130klim, toprak, a\u011fa\u00e7 \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi ve farkl\u0131 farkl\u0131 ya\u011flar\u0131n \u00fcretilmesine neden olup \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Duyusal \u00f6zellikleri i\u00e7in, farkl\u0131 hasat zamanlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan \u00fcretimlerde farkl\u0131 lezzetlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ege B\u00f6lgesi’nde de kendi kendine bitmi\u015f yabani zeytin a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131, bu co\u011frafyan\u0131n zeytinin anayurtlar\u0131ndan biri oldu\u011funu kolayl\u0131kla kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

$\"as\u0131rl\u0131k$ <\/a> $\"as\u0131rl\u0131k$ <\/a> $\"as\u0131rl\u0131k$ <\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 $\"as\u0131rl\u0131k$ <\/a> $\"as\u0131rl\u0131k$ <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"